统计研究 ›› 2018, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (9): 67-78.doi: 10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2018.09.006

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我国城镇居民收入分配机会不平等因何而生

李莹 吕光明   

  • 出版日期:2018-09-25 发布日期:2018-09-25

What Are the Reasons for Unequal Opportunity in Urban Residents’ Income Distribution

Li Ying & Lv Guangming   

  • Online:2018-09-25 Published:2018-09-25

摘要: 本文借鉴Roemer的环境和努力二元因素分析框架,采用CHIP数据,构建相对全面的环境集,然后借助事前法构造的反事实收入来间接测度我国城镇居民收入分配机会不平等程度及其具体生成渠道,并选取年龄、性别和地区三大环境因素,进一步剖析城镇居民收入分配机会不平等的异质性特征。结果发现:(1)城镇居民收入不平等中的23.2%是由环境因素所引致的机会不平等。城镇机会不平等程度随年龄增加而逐步积累,但在51-60岁时有所缓和,呈现倒U型特征;女性的机会不平等程度高于男性;机会不平等程度在东部、中部、西部地区依次递减。(2)从生成渠道来看,机会不平等中的78.3%源于环境因素的直接渠道影响,剩余21.7%为环境因素的间接渠道影响。两种渠道的相对程度在不同年龄间差异明显,间接渠道对女性机会不平等的解释力是男性的2倍以上,间接渠道相对程度在东部、中部、西部地区依次递减。旨在缩小机会不平等的政策应致力于补偿年龄、性别和地区等环境因素差异,尽可能使所有人的同等努力得到同等回报。

关键词: 机会不平等, 生成渠道, 反事实收入, 事前法

Abstract: According to Roemer’s binary framework of circumstances and efforts, this paper applies CHIP data to build a set of relatively comprehensive circumstance factors. Then the unequal opportunity in urban residents’ income distribution and its specific generating channels through counterfactual income which is based on ex-ante approach are indirectly measured. Ages, gender and regions are also chosen to make further analysis on the heterogeneous characteristics of urban residents’ unequal opportunity. It is found that 1) unequal opportunity caused by circumstances can account to 23.2% of income inequality. The extent of unequal opportunity is added up as the ages increase, showing an inverted U-shaped trend, and the turning point is at the ages of 51 to 60. The degree of unequal opportunity among females is higher than males. And the unequal opportunity is in a descending order from the eastern region to the central region and then to the western regions. 2) from the perspective of the generating channels, 78.3% of the unequal opportunity derives from the direct channel effects of circumstances on income, and the remaining 21.7% is from indirect channel effect of circumstance variables, but the relative weights differ among different age groups. The indirect channel effect on the female group is twice more than on male’s. Just like the trend of degree of opportunity inequality, the indirect channel effects are also descended from the eastern, to central and then to western regions in turn. Policies aiming to reduce income inequality should be oriented toward compensating the differences of circumstance variables, such as ages, gender and regions, eventually make everyone’s identical effort to be rewarded as equally as possible.

Key words: Unequal Opportunity, Generating Channels, Counter-factual Income, Ex-ante Approach